二 方言区划
2 Dialect zones

傅国通等（1985）把浙江省境内的吴语方言分成二区九片：
Fu Guotong et al. (1985) divided Zhejiang’s Wuyu dialects into nine groups in two regions.
浙北区：嘉兴片，湖州片，杭州片，临绍片，明州片
Northern Zhejiang: Jiaxing group, Huzhou group, Hangzhou group, Linshao group, and Mingzhou group
浙南区：台州片，温州片，婆州片，丽衢片
Southern Zhejiang: Taizhou group, Wenzhou group, Wuzhou group, and Liqu group
原严州府地区淳安、遂安、建德、寿昌四县属于徽语，未包括在内。
The region of the former Yanzhou prefecture — Chun’an, Suian, Jiande, Shouchang — were classified as Huiyu, and so they are not included.
傅国通等（1986）和《中国语言地图集》(1988）都把吴语分为六个片：太湖片，台州片，瓯江片，婺州片，处衢片，宣州片。
Fu Guotong et al. (1986) and _China Language Atlas_ (1988) both divided Wuyu into six groups: Taihu group, Taizhou group, Oujiang group, Wuzhou group, Chuqu group, and Xuanzhou group.
这个分区取消了南北对立，在第一层次上就一分为六。
This division ignores the opposition between north and south, dividing it into six top-level groups.
不过就浙江省南部地区吴语的分片来说，基本上沿袭了傅国通等（1985）的方案，只是在名称上略有改动，即”温州片”改称”瓯江片”，”丽衢片”改称”处衢片”。
But in respect to the Wu of just southern Zhejiang province, it basically carried on the proposal of Fu Guotong et al. (1985). Only in the names is there some change, namely “Wenzhou group” is changed to “Oujiang group”, and “Liqu group” is changed to “Chuqu group”.
有些人（傅国通等1985）曾试图把”南部吴语”当作一个相对独立的方言区，但事实上很难成功。
There are some people (Fu Guotong et al. 1985) who had previously tried to make “Southern Wu” a relatively independent dialect region, but this is actually difficult to accomplish.
其原因在于，在所谓的”南部吴语”区域内部，各地方言之间的差异实在是太大了。
The reason for this lies in that within the region of so-called “Southern Wu”, the differences among the individual dialects are too great.
在这种情况下，”南部吴语”这个名称的作用实际上主要是作为”地理概念”来使用，它的意思就是”吴语南部地区的方言”或”浙江省南部及其邻近地区的吴语”，跟”北部吴语”相对。
Under these circumstances, the effect of this label “Southern Wu” is in fact mainly to use a geographical concept. Its meaning is simply “the dialects spoken in the southern part of Wuyu’s region” or “the Wuyu spoken in southern Zhejiang Province and neighboring areas,” in opposition to “Northern Wu”.
当然，有时候它也可以跟”太湖片”（实际上还有宣州片，不过它容易被人忘记）相对而言，但这时的意思仍然等于”吴语南部地区的方言”或”太湖片（以及宣州片）以外的吴语”，并不是指一个跟”太湖片”（以及宣州片）相对的方言区。
Of course, sometimes it can also be used in opposition to “Taihu group.” (Actually, there is also Xuanzhou group, but it is easily forgotten.) But this meaning is still equivalent to “the dialects of the southern part of Wuyu’s region” or “the Wuyu dialects other than the Taihu group (plus the Xuanzhou group)”, which is not at all a dialect zone in contrast with “Taihu group (and Xuanzhou group).”
本书把台州地区的方言归入太湖片（参看下一小节），因此，本书所说的”南部吴语”的具体区划，相当于吴语六个片当中的婆州片、处衢片和瓯江片三片。
This book classifies the dialects of Taizhou region in the Taihu group (see the next subsection). For this reason, the specific region referred to by this book’s “Southern Wu” is equivalent to three of six top-level Wuyu dialect groups: Wuzhou group, Chuqu group, and Oujiang group.
因本书对南部吴语进行了重新分区，为了叙述和阅读的方便，本书在涉及南部吴语内部次方言区的时候，除了引述他人材料或观点以外，一律采用本书的分区方案（详见第六章第三节”南部吴语的分区”）：
Because this book advances new subzones of Southern Wu, for the ease of description and reading, when this book mentions the dialect zones of Southern Wu, except when quoting the data or views of others, this book’s subzone proposal is used.
1．金衢片：12县市
1. Jinqu group: 12 areas
金华地区：金华，汤溪（今撤并入金华县），兰溪，浦江，义乌，东阳，磐安，永康，武义（9县市）
Jinhua Region: Jinhua, Tangxi (now merged with Jinhua County), Lanxi, Pujiang, Yiwu, Dongyang, Pan’an, Yongkang, Wuyi (9 areas)
衢州地区：衢州，龙游（2县市）
Quzhou Region: Quzhou, Longyou (2 areas)
丽水地区：缙云（1县）
Lishui Region: Jinyun (1 area)
2．上丽片：17县市
Shangli group: 17 areas
(1)上山小片：6县市
(1) Shangshan subgroup: 6 areas
上饶地区：上饶，广丰，玉山（3县市）
Shangrao Region: Shangrao, Guangfeng, Yushan (3 areas)
衢州地区：开化，常山，江山（3县市）
Quzhou Region: Kaihua, Changshan, Jiangshan (3 areas)
(2)丽水小片：11县市
(2) Lishui subgroup: 11 areas
丽水地区：丽水，遂昌，松阳，宣平（今撤并入金华地区武义县），青田，云和，景宁，龙泉，庆元（9县市）
Lishui Region: Lishui, Suichang, Songyang, Xuanping (now merged with Jinhua Region’s Wuyi County), Qingtian, Yunhe, Jingning, Longquan, Qingyuan (9 areas)
温州地区：泰顺（1县）
Wenzhou Region: Taishun (1 area)
南平地区：浦城（1县）
Nanping Region: Pucheng (1 area)
3.瓯江片：8县市
3. Oujiang group: 8 areas
温州地区：温州，永嘉，乐清，瑞安，洞头，平阳，苍南，文成（8县市）
Wenzhou Region: Wenzhou, Yongjia, Yueqing, Rui’an, Dongtou, Pingyang, Cangnan, Wencheng (8 areas)

In the past three weeks:
– I did finish scanning the book, and as you can see from the previous post, I finished translating the first section of it. There are many more sections to go though.
– I didn’t read any 二十分可乐, but I did read a fair amount of 南部吴语, to the extent I can read it without a dictionary.
– I had lots of fun traveling, and listened to several distinct dialects, particularly Northeast Mandarin.

In the coming week:
– I will write the short paper.
– I will write the email about counting in harmonic grammar.
– I will translate the next section of 南部吴语.

第一节 南部吴语的范围
Section 1: The Extent of Southern Wu

一 地理范围
Part 1: Geographical Extent

本书所说的”南部吴语”的分布区域，包括今浙江省南部金华市、衢州市、丽水地区、温州市四个地市，以及江西省东部上饶地区的部分县市、福建省西北部浦城县的部分地区。
The region related to this book’s “Southern Wu” includes modern-day Zhejiang’s Jinhua, Quzhou, Lishui and Wenzhou regions, as well as part of Shangrao region in eastern Jiangxi, and part of Pucheng County in northern Fujian.
具体情况如下：
The specific situation is as follows:
浙江省
Zhejiang Province
金华市：婺城区，金华县①，兰溪市，浦江县，义乌市，东阳市，磐安县，永康市，武义县（9县市区）
In Jinhua: Wucheng District, Jinhua County, Lanxi City, Pujiang County, Yiwu City, Dongyang City, Panan County, Yongkang City, Wuyi County (9 areas)
衢州市：柯城区，衢县，龙游县，开化县，常山县，江山市（6县市区）
In Quzhou: Kecheng District, Qu County, Longyou County, Kaihua County, Changshan County, Jiangshan City (6 areas)
丽水地区：丽水市，遂昌县，松阳县，缙云县，青田县，云和县，景宁畲族自治县，龙泉市，庆元县（9县市）
In Lishui: Lishui City, Suichang County, Songyang County, Jinyun County, Qingtian County, Yunhe County, Jingning She Autonomous County, Longquan City, Qingyuan County (9 areas)
温州市：鹿城区，龙湾区，瓯海区，永嘉县，乐清市，瑞安市，洞头县，平阳县，苍南县，文成县，泰顺县（11县市区）
In Wenzhou: Lucheng District, Longwan District, Ouhai District, Yongjia Dounty, Leqing City, Ruian City, Dongtou County, Pingyang County, Cangnan County, Wencheng County, Taishun County (11 areas)
江西省
Jiangxi Province
上饶地区：上饶市，上饶县，广丰县，玉山县（4县市）
In Shangrao: Shangrao City, Shangrao County, Guangfeng County, Yushan County (4 areas)
福建省
Fujian Province
南平市：浦城县（1县）
In Nanping: Pucheng County (1 area)
以上共计3省6地市40县市区。对此，还需要作几点说明：
The above total 40 areas in 6 (prefecture-level) cities in 3 provinces. There are a few things that need to be explained about this.
1．这40个县市区是就现行行政区划来说的，其中有些县（如磐安县、洞头县、苍南县、文成县）是20世纪新置的，区（如婺城区、柯城区、鹿城区等）的历史更短，为20世纪80年代以后才建。
These 40 areas are simply from the perspective of administrative districts. These include some counties (such as Bi’an County, Dongtou County, Cangnan County, and Wencheng County) which were just created in the 20th century, some districts (such as Wucheng District, Kecheng
District, and Lucheng District) with even shorter histories, not established until after 1980.
有两个旧县于1958年撤销后并入他县（汤溪县并入金华县，宣平县并入武义县），未计算在以上数字内。
There are two old counties that were merged with other counties in 1958 (Tangxi County into Jinhua County, and Xuanping County into Yiwu County), which are not included in the total above.
2．在上述地区的邻近县市，也有一些零星的南部吴语分布。
In regions near the previously discussed areas, there are a few scattered islands of Southern Wu.
如浙江省建德市与浦江县交界的姚村乡，原寿昌县（今属建德市）与兰溪市交界的檀村（《中国语言地图集》作”唐村”）、里叶二乡（今合并为檀村镇），原寿昌县与龙游县交界的迁塘村，玉环县靠近乐清市的西南角地区，江西省德兴市与玉山县交界的陇头村，福建省政和县铁山乡的部分村庄等。
For example: in Zhejiang Province, Yao Village, formerly Shouchang County (now part of Jiande Region), on the boundary between Jiande and Pujiang County; Lanxi’s Tan Village (what _China Language Atlas_ calls “Tang Village”) and Liye’er Village (now joined with Tan Village);
Qiantang Village on the border between Shouchang County and Longyou County; the southwest corner of Yuhuan county near Yueqing Region; in Jiangxi Province, Longtou Village on the border between Dexing Region and Yushan County; in Fujian Province, part of Zhenghe County’s Iron
Hill country, etc.
这些地区未计算在以上数字内。
These areas are not included in the previous sum.
3．在上述40个南部吴语分布的县市区，并非所有地区全都使用南部吴语，例如浙江省乐清市只有清江以南地区，苍南县只有东北部乡镇和南端的蒲门，福建省浦城县只有北部地区（包括县城南浦镇）使用南部吴语。
In the above-mentioned 40 areas of Southern Wu, it is not the case that in every area, the whole area uses Southern Wu. For example, in Yueqing region of Zhejiang Province, it is only in the area south of
the Qing River, and in Cangnan County, there are only the villages of the northeast part and Pumen in the very south.
同时，即使在”南部吴语区域内部”还存在着众多的畲话、闽语、赣语、客家话、浙江淳安话（属徽语严州片）、官话方言岛，例如浙江省丽水、景宁、遂昌、泰顺、文成、龙游、云和等县市有大量畲话分布，浙江省江山市的廿八都、开化县的华埠等地则使用官话方言。
At the same time, within “Southern Wu territory” there still exist numerous islands of She, Min, Gan, Hakka, Zhejiang Chun’an (belonging to Hui Yanzhou dialect group), and Mandarin. For example, Zhejiang’s Lishui, Jingning, Suichang, Taishun, Wencheng, Longyou, Yunhe, etc. have large numbers of She speakers, and Jiangshan Region’s 28 Du, Kaihua County’s Huabu, etc. use Mandarin dialects.
详细情况可参看本章第二节”本地区语言概貌”。
The details of the situation can be found in Section 2 of this chapter: “A general view of this region’s languages.”
南部吴语的使用人口，根据《中国语言地图集》吴语婺州片、处衢片、瓯江片三片人口合计，共有1470万。
For a population estimate of Southern Wu speakers, according to _China Language Atlas_, Wuzhou group, Chuqu group, and Oujiang group together have a population of 14,700,000.
《中国语言地图集》所依据的是1982年第三次全国人口普查的数据。
_China Language Atlas_ is based on data from the 3rd national population census of 1982.
至1999年底，金华、衢州、丽水、温州四地市人口总数为1655万，加上上饶地区和浦城使用南部吴语的人口，减去乐清、苍南等地不使用南部吴语的人口，目前使用南部吴语的人口总数将近1800万。
At the end of 1999, Jinhua, Quzhou, Lishui and Wenzhou had a total population of 16,550,000. If you add in the speakers in Shangrao and Pucheng, and subtract the population in Yueqing, Cangnan, etc. that don’t use Southern Wu, the current population of speakers of Southern
Wu totals almost 18,000,000.
为了叙述和阅读的方便，在一般情况下，本书对南部吴语地区内的行政单位的称述作如下技术处理：
For ease of description and reading, under these general circumstances, this book uses the following administrative units to describe Southern Wu areas:
1．把地级行政单位（地区、地级市）一律称作”地区”，如把金华市称作”金华地区”，把衢州市称作”衢州地区”，把温州市称作”温州地区”。
It takes ranked administrative areas (”regions” and “ranked cities”) and uniformly calls them “regions”. For example, Jinhua (prefecture-level) City is called “Jinhua Region”, Quzhou (prefecture-level) City is called “Quzhou Region”, and Wenzhou (prefecture-level) City is called “Wenzhou Region”.
2．由于”区”都是新近从地市政府所在地的那个县里分出来的，所以书中把婺城区、金华县合称作”金华”，把柯城区、衢县合称作”衢州”，把鹿城、龙湾，瓯海三区合称作”温州”，并把上饶市、上饶县合称作”上饶”。
Because the “districts” are all city government sites, recently seperated from their counties, Wu Urban District and Jinhua County are together called “Jinhua”, Ke Urban District and Qu County are together
called Quzhou, Lucheng, Longwan and Ouhai are together called Wenzhou, and in addition Shangrao City and Shangrao County are together called Shangrao.
3.称述县、市（县级市）名称时略去”县”、”畲族自治县”、”市”。
The names of counties and (county-level) cities omit “County”, “She Autonomous County” and “City”.
4．恢复使用汤溪、宣平两个旧县的名称，本书称”金华地区”时包括汤溪县在内，称”丽水地区”时包括宣平县在内，另外，涉及原严州府地区时，也恢复使用遂安、寿昌两个旧县名。
We reinstate the names of Tangxi and Xuanping former counties. When this book says “Jinhua Region”, that includes Tangxi County, and when it says “Lishui Region”, that includes Xuanping County. In addition, when the former Yanzhou prefecture is mentioned, that likewise refers to the old counties of Sui’an and Shouchang.
根据上述处理，南部吴语的分布区域如下：
According to the above-mentioned treatment, the regions of Southern Wu’s distribution is as follows:
浙江省
Zhejiang Province
金华地区：金华，汤溪，兰溪，浦江，义乌，东阳，磐安，永康，武义（9县市）
Jinhua Region: Jinhua, Tangxi, Lanxi, Pujiang, Yiwu, Dongyang, Panan, Yongkang, and Wuyi (9 areas)
衢州地区：衢州，龙游，开化，常山，江山（5县市）
Quzhou Region: Quzhou, Longyou, Kaihua, Changshan, and Jiangshan (5 areas)
丽水地区：丽水，遂昌，松阳，宣平，谱云，青田，云和，景宁，龙泉，庆元（10县市）
Lishui Region: Lishui, Suichang, Songyang, Xuanping, Puyun, Qingtian, Yunhe, Jingning, Longquan, and Qingyuan (10 areas)
温州地区：温州，永嘉，乐清，瑞安，洞头，平阳，苍南，文成，泰顺（9县市）
Wenzhou Region: Wenzhou, Yongjia, Yueqing, Ruian, Dongtou, Pingyang, Cangnan, Wencheng, and Taishun (9 areas)
江西省
Jiangxi Province
上饶地区：上饶，广丰，玉山（3县市）
Shangrao Region: Shangrao, Guangfeng, and Yushan (3 areas)
福建省
Fujian Province
南平地区：浦城（1县）
Nanping Region: Pucheng (1 area)
以上共计3省6地区37县市。
The above total 37 areas, in 6 regions, in 3 provinces.

①2001年，撤金华县，原婺城区和金华县范围重新调整为婺城、金东二区，区政府均驻金华城里。为叙述方便，本书采用撤金华县之前的行政区划。
In 2001, Jinhua County was dissolved. The boundaries of the former Wucheng District and Jinhua County were redrawn as two districts, Wucheng and Jindong, with the governments of both districts located within urban Jinhua. For simplicity, this book adopts the administrative plan of before Jinhua County was dissolved.

In the past two weeks I have gotten fairly little done:
– This morning I finally had a first meeting with the dialect tutor, and I forgot to bring some key materials. It was a good session though. She seems to have pretty good language sense, and knows the dialect pretty well for someone of her generation and education level. It sounds like the citation tone neutralization reported for the older generation is still true of the current generation. It also sounds to me like the voicing contrast in sibilants may be lost. It might be my bad ears, but she said she thought the sounds were the same too.
– I did meet with the friend about the Bidirectional OT paper. He tried to help me get a couple books that I have been unable to find, but the book that the library does have is checked out for the summer. I may need to order a photocopied version.
– I did some cut-and-paste work on the discourse paper, but that’s it. I’ve only spent about an hour on it in these last two weeks.
– I have scanned the dictionary preface and most of the book 南部吴语语音研究 (Southern Wu Phonology Research) to make it easier to read words I don’t recognize.

In the coming two weeks, I will be traveling, first to Hong Kong to get keep my visa valid, and then to the northeast. I will have some time on trains to read, but I won’t be able to do much computer work.
– I will finish the scanning before I leave.
– I will take 南部吴语 and the scripts from 二十分可乐, to read while traveling.