I have never heard this song played in Jinhua, but online this song is semi-internet-famous. It’s a rap song about Jinhua sung in Jinhua dialect. It features 老二 (the second son) from the TV show 二十分可乐, being his usual self. The subtitles are a mixture of Jinhua dialect and Standard Mandarin, but in some places I’m not sure what word they’re actually using, so I can’t really fix it. I’m also not sure what they mean at a few points, but here’s my best shot.

十月 (October)
by 阿楼

第四节 语音变调
Section 4: Phonological tone changes

一 有关变调的一些基本概念
4.1 Some basic concepts related to tone change

1．三种变调
1. Three kinds of tone change
汉语的变调现象从性质上可以分为下面三类：
Chinese tone change phenomena can be divided into the following three kinds based on their characteristics:
(1) 语音变调，即一般所谓的连读变调，是因音节之间的语音关系而产生的变调，如北京话”上声+上声”时前字的变调。
(1) Phonological tone change, the commonly mentioned tone sandhi, is tone change produced by the phonological interaction among syllables, like Beijing dialect’s first syllable tone change in “tone II + tone II” contexts [i.e. third tone sandhi].
(2）语法变调，这是由特定的语法结构关系而产生的变调，如吴语一些方言述宾结构的字组往往具有特殊的变调模式。
(2) Grammatical tone change, which is tone change produced by particular grammatical structures, such as the verb-object structure which frequently has a special tone change pattern in some Wuyu dialects
(3) 语义变调，这是指利用声调的变化来达到特定的语义目的，如南部吴语里普遍存在的”小称变调”，这种变调有时也出现在单音节词里，但从来源上讲也是多音节字组变调进一步发展的结果。
Semantic tone change, which uses tone change to achieve a particular semantic goal, such as the diminutive tone change that is widespread in Southern Wuyu. This kind of tone change sometimes also appears in single-syllable words, but originally is never the result of a multisyllable phrase’s tone change going one step further ????
此外，汉语中所谓的”破读”现象或”声调内部曲折”现象，实质上也可以看作是一种语义变调，只不过这种变调多发生在单音节词之内。
Besides these, the Chinese so-called “broken pronunciation” phenomena or “tone-internal winding” phenomena essentially can also be seen as a kind of semantic tone change, but this kind of tone change usually happens within single-syllable words.
2．其他
2. Others
(1) 变调类型
(1) Tone change types
包括”前变型”和”后变型”。
Including “first-syllable change” and “last-syllable change”
(2）前变型
(2) First-syllable change
前字变，后字不变。
The first syllable changes, and the last syllable doesn’t change.
(3）后变型
(3) Last-syllable change type
后字变，前字不变。
The last syllable changes, and the first syllable doesn’t change.
(4）调类合流
(4) Tone merging
所谓”调类合流”，这里是指不同的单字调在连调中变为相同的调值，这种合流既发生在前字，在有些方言里也发生在后字。
Called “tone merger”, this refers to different citation tones changing into the same tone contour. When this kind of merger has occurred on one syllable, it will also occur on the next syllable in some dialects.
轻声实际上也是一种调类合流，即在轻声中调类的对立消失了。
Neutral tone is in fact also a kind of tone spreading, as with neutral tone, the tone category’s distinctions are lost.
（5）调类复原
(5) Tone recovery
所谓”调类复原”，这里是指在单字调里己经合并成一类了的几个古调类，在连调中仍旧存在某种区别，也就是说具有复现原调类的特性。
Called “tone recovery”, this refers to when a tone has merged with another tone type in citation contexts, but in sandhi contexts it retains some difference, which is to say, it possesses a reappearance of features of the original tone category.
例如汤溪方言单字调浊入归阳上，但在连读调中浊入字和浊上字有时要分开变。
For example, Tangxi dialect citation tone voiced IV is merged with IIB, but in sandhi contexts, voiced IV and voiced II are sometimes changed differently
调类复原现象只出现在发生过单字调调类合并的方言里。
Tone type reappearance only appears in dialects where citation tone types have undergone mergers.
(6)主流变调
(6) Mainstream tone change
一个调类在所有调类之前（作前字时）或之后（作后字时），采取同一种变调调值或基本上采取同一种变调调值，这种变调调值叫做”主流变调”。
If a tone category takes the same tone contour or generally the same contour before any tone (when it is the first syllable) or after any tone (when it is the last syllable), this is called “mainstream tone change”.

二 语音变调的基本情况
4.2 The basic situation of phonological tone change
南部吴语的变调现象总的来说非常复杂，本节先讨论语音变调。
The tone change phenomena of Southern Wu are generally speaking extremely complex, and this section first discusses phonological tone change.
南部吴语11个方言点两字组语音变调的基本情况见表4-3。
The basic situation of disyllabic phonological tone change of 11 dialect locations of Southern Wu can be seen in Table 4-3.
其中，前四栏里的”＋”表示变调现象的复杂程度（以”＋＋十”为最复杂），或前、后字变调以及轻声现象的多少（以”十＋＋”为最多）；”一”表示”无”或”极少”。
There, the “+” in the first four columns express the complexity level of the tone change phenomena (where “+++” is the most complex), and the abundance of first tone change, last tone change, and neutral tone phenomena (where “+++” is the most abundant). “-” represents “none” or extremely little.
“调类复原”栏里的”＋”表示有调类复原现象，”一”表示无调类复原现象。
The “+” in the “Tone category recovery” column means that it has tone recovery phenomena, and “-” indicates that there are no tone recovery phenomena.

1．复杂程度
1. Complexity level

这里所谓的”复杂程度”，是指一个方言里语音变调现象的多寡，而不是指变调之后声调格局（连调系统）的复杂或简单的程度，因为从南部吴语的情况来看，变调现象的多寡与变调系统的复杂或简单既不构成正比，也不构成反比。
What is here called complexity refers to the number of phonological tone changes in the dialect, and does not refer to the complexity level of the sandhi output patterns, since considering the circumstances of Southern Wu, the number and complexity of tone change phenomena are neither directly nor inversely proportional.
从语音变调现象多寡的角度来看，南部吴语一般都表现得非常复杂。
From the perspective of phonological tone change phenomena, Southern Wu generally displays extraordinary complexity.
尤其是在金华、衢州、上饶等地区，不仅大多数连调组合（字组） 都要发生变调，而且有时候同一种连调组合会具有多种连调模式。
Especially in the regions of Jinhua, Quzhou, Shangrao, etc, not only do the majority of tone groups undergo tone change, but also sometimes a single kind of tone group can have multiple sandhi patterns.
例如金华”阴去+阳去”、”阳去+阳平”各具有三种连调模式，下面是”阴去+阳平”的例子：
For example, Jinhua “IIIA + IB” and “IIIB + IB” each have three kinds of sandhi patterns. Below are examples of “IIIA + IB”:
[55+313] => [33＋14]
布鞋 pu^55-33a^313-14
臭虫 tɕiu^55-33dʑioŋ^313-14
[33 + 55］
素油 su^55-33 iu^313-55
细毛(过于细致) (delicate) sie^55-33 mɑu^313-55
[55+0]
铁门 t^hia⁵⁵ məŋ^13-0
雪球 sie⁵⁵ dʑiu^313-0

这种”同字组不同变调”的现象，最初也许是由不同的原因导致产生的，例如金华”阴去＋阳平”字组中，前字如果是来自清入的字时变调就自成一类（[55+0])。
This kind of “same group, different change” phenomena where perhaps at the beginning created by different causes. such as among the Jinhua “IIIA + IB” words, when the first syllable came from voiceless IV, the sandhi tones are one kind ([55+0]).
但在大多数情况下，今天很难找出几种不同的连调模式之间的区别规律来。
But in the majority of cases, it is now very difficult to determine what the rule is that distinguishes among different sandhi patterns.
这使得南部吴语的语音变调在一定程度上呈现为一种”无理”的状态，给我们的研究提出了很大的挑战。
This makes Southern Wu’s phonological tone change appear, to a certain degree, like a kind of senseless situation, and raise a big challenge for our research.
在南部吴语的南端如庆元、浦城等地，语音变调现象相对来说比较简单。
In the southernmost part of Southern Wu, like Qingyuan and Pucheng, phonological tone change phenomena are in contrast fairly simple.
庆元只有阴平、阳去作前字时发生变调，浦城只有阴平、阳平作前字时发生少量的变调。
Qingyuan only has tone change when the initial syllable is IA or IIIB. Pucheng only has a little tone change when the initial syllable is IA or IB.
2．变调类型
2. Kinds of tone change
从变调类型来看，南部吴语的语音变调以”前变型”为主，在位于较南部的云和、庆元、浦城、泰顺等地，后字一律不变调。
As far as types of tone change, Southern Wu’s phonological tone change consists primarily of “initial syllable change”, and in places in the south like Yunhe, Qingyuan, Pucheng, and Taishun, the final syllable generally doesn’t change.
3．调类合流
Tone category merging
虽然南部吴语的语音变调现象相当繁杂，但在另一方面，连调中的调类合流现象也十分突出。
Though Southern Wu phonological tone change phenomena are fairly diverse, in another respect sandhi tone merger phenomena are also very prominent.
例如，武义方言有8个单字调，64种两字连调组合（两字组），而连调模式只有27种（傅国通1984:113)，差不多相当于5个单字调的连调组合（5X5=25)。
For example, Wuyi dialect has 8 citation tones, and thus 64 types of disyllable sandhi groups, yet there are only 27 kinds (Fu Guotong 1984:113) of sandhi patterns, approximately equal to the sandhi groups of 5 citation tones (5 x 5 = 25).
原因是连调中不同调类的前字发生大量合流现象，例如阴上[53]、阳上[13]、阳去[31]作前字时都变作[11]调，阴入[?51]、阳入［?212］作前字时都变作[?55]调。
The reason is that in sandhi, the different tone types in the initial syllable mostly undergo merger. For example IIA [53], IIB [13] and IIIB [31] as initial syllable all change to [11] tone, and IVA [?51] and IVB [?212] as initial syllable both change to [?55] tone.
又如，汤溪方言有7个单字调（浊入归阳上），因浊上字和浊入字在连调中表现不同（调类复原），分开计算，共有64种两字连调组合（两字组），而连调模式只有20种，只相当于4.5个单字调的连调组合（4.5 x 4.5=20.25)，详见下文。
Or again, Tangxi dialect has 7 citation tones (voiced IV merged with IIB), and because voiced tone II syllables and voiced tone IV syllables in sandhi act differently (tone type recovery), including this separation there are 64 kinds of disyllable sandhi groups, yet there are only 20 sandhi patterns, equivalent to the sandhi groups of just 4.5 citation tones (4.5 x 4.5 = 20.25). See the next section for details.
4．调类复原
4. Tone type recovery
从南部吴语的情况来看，凡是在单字调里合并了的几个古调类，在连调中往往不同程度地存在区别，也就是说具有调类复原的现象。
Looking at the situation in Southern Wu, all ancient tone categories that merged in isolated syllables often to varying degrees maintain a distinction in sandhi. That is to say, they display tone type recovery phenomena.
例如永康方言，单字调清入归阴上都读[35]调，浊入归阳上都读[13]调；连调中作前字时，来自古上声的阴上、阳上一律变作[11]，来自古清入的阴上一律变作[33]，来自古浊入的阳上一律变作[22]。
For example in Yongkang dialect, voiceless IV merged with IIA in citation form, pronounced [35], and voiced IV merged with IIB, pronounced [13]. But when the initial syllable in sandhi, the IIA and IIB syllables that came from ancient tone II all change to [11], while IIA from ancient IVA changes to [33] and IIB from ancient IVB changes to [22].
在连调中，尽管在单字调里不同的清上字和浊上字已经丧失了区别，在单字调里相同的古入声字跟古上声字之间反而还存在区别（袁家哗等1983:84)。
In sandhi, whether or not voiceless and voiced tone II have already lost their distinction in citation form, the ancient tone IV and ancient tone II that are identical in citation form still maintain their difference (Yuan Jiahua et al. 1983:84).
磐安、金华、汤溪等地也有类似现象，汤溪方言的情况可参看下文。
Locations Pan’an, Jinhua, Tangxi etc. also have similar phenomena, and the situation of Tangxi dialect can be viewed in the next section.
5. 三字组的变调
5. Tone change of trisyllabic groups
南部吴语三字组的语音变调一般都采取以下模式：
Southern Wu phonological tone change of trisyllabic groups generally adopts the following patterns.
即第一、二两个音节构成一个两字组，第一个音节按两字组的前字变；第二、三两个音节构成一个两字组，第二个音节按两字组的前字变，第三个音节按两字组的后字变。
The first and second syllables constitute a disyllable group, and the first syllable changes according to the initial syllable of the disyllable group. The second and third syllables also constitute a disyllable group, and the second syllable changes as the initial syllable, and the third syllable changes as the disyllable final syllable.
与两字组的变调规律略有不同的是，在两字组变调中，同一调类的前字在不同的调类前有时有不同的变调，甚至在同一个调类前也会有不同的变调；但在三字组变调中，第一个音节往往不管第二个音节是什么调类，一律采取同一种变调，这种变调一般是该调类在两字组的前字位置时最为常见的那种变调调值（即”主流变调”）。
What the tone change rules of disyllabic groups differ on is that among disyllabic tone changes, a single category of initial syllable has a different tone change when in front of different categories, or even in front of a single category there can be different tone changes. But among the tone changes of trisyllabic groups, the first syllable usually doesn’t care what category the second syllable is, and always adopts the same change. That change is generally the tone contour form most often seen in the initial syllable of disyllabic tone change (i.e. mainstream tone change).
因此，三字组的这种连调模式也可以看作是”1+(2+3)”的模式。
For this reason, trisyllabic sandhi patterns can also be viewed as “1+(2+3)” patterns.
例如，武义方言三字组中第一个音节的变调规律：阴平[24]、阳平[213]、阴去［53］一律变[55]，阴上[55]、阳上[13]、阳去［31］一律变[11]，阴入［?51]、阳入［?212］一律变[?55]（傅国通1984:116)。
For example, in Wuyi dialect the first syllable in trisyllabic groups has this tone change rule: IA [24], IB [213], and IIIA [53] always change to [55], IIA [55], IIB [13], and IIIB [31] always change to [11], and IVA [?51] and IVB [?212] always change to [?55] (Fu Guotong 1984: 116).
又如，金华方言三字组中第一个音节的变调规律：阴平[334]、阳平[313]、阴去[55]一律变[33]，阴上[535]、阳去［14］一律变[55]（阳去在阴去、阳去前有时变[33])，阴入[?4]不变，阳入[?212]一律变[?21]。
Or again, in Jinhua dialect the first sylalble in trisyllabic groups has this tone change rule: IA [334], IB [313], and IIIA [55] all change to [33], IIA [535] and IIIB [14] change to [55] (IIIB does sometimes change to [33] before IIIA and IIIB), IVA [?4] doesn’t change and IVB [?212] all changes to [?21].
汤溪方言的情况可参看下文。
For the situation of Tangxi dialect, see the following section.

三 汤溪方言的语音变调
4.3 Phonological tone change of Tangxi dialect
1．两字组的语音变调
1. Disyllabic phonological tone change
表4-4的表左是前字调类，表端是后字调类，表中是连读调和例词。
The left column of Table 4-4 is the tone category of the initial syllable, and the final syllable tone categories are across the top, with the middle of the table showing sandhi tones and example words.
由表4-4可以看出，汤溪方言的两字组语音变调以前字变调为主，后字也有一些变调，其中以轻声居多。
As can be seen in Table 4-4, Tangxi dialect disyllabic phonological tone change primarily involves change on the initial syllable, and there are also some changes on the final syllable, the majority of which are neutral tone.
在65种两字组（”阳入＋阴平”变调时分两类，这里按两种计）中，有41种只变前字不变后字，有8种只变后字不变前字，有16种前后字都变。
Among the 65 types of disyllable groups (”IVB + IVA” are divided into two kinds, and are counted as two here), there are 41 types that only change the initial syllable and not the final one, 8 types that only change the final syllable and not the initial one, and 16 types that change both syllables.
从前字来看，前字变调大致上可以分成三大类，表中用双线隔开，即阴平、阳平、阴去作前字时多变作[33]调，阳去、阳上、阳入作前字时多变作[11]调，阴上、阴入作前字时多变作[52]，但在平声、去声前面时往往有例外。
Looking at the initial syllables, initial syllable tone change can essentially be divided into to three broad types. In the table a double line is used to dive these types: IA, IB, and IIIA as initial mostly change to [33]; IIIB, IIB, and IVB as initial syllable mostly change to [11]; and IIA and IVA as initial syllable mostly change to [52], but when in front of tone types I and III, there are many exceptions.
从后字来看，可以分成变调和不变调两类，表中用粗线隔开，粗线以上、以左的后字变调，粗线以下、以右的后字不变调。
Looking at the final syllables, they can be divided into two categories of those that change and those that don’t. In the table a thick line divides them. Above and to the left of the line, the final syllable changes, and below and to the right, the final syllable doesn’t change.
后字变调最主要地出现在平声作后字时，其次出现在去声作后字时，阳入位于阴平、阳平、阴去后面时也发生变调。
Final syllable tone change primarily appears on tone I when it is the final syllable, and secondarily appears on tone III as final syllable. It also occurs on IVB when after IA, IB and IIIA.
65种两字连调组合经变调后归并为20种连调模式。
The 65 kinds of disyllable sandhi groups merge to become 20 sandhi patterns after tone change.
阳上和阳入在单字调里完全相同，在两字组连调中，大多数情况下也已经没有区别了，但在阴平、阳平的前面，在阴平、阳平、阴去的后面仍旧存在区别（调类复原）。
IB and IVB in isolation are completely identical, and in disyllabic sandhi, the majority of contexts also don’t have any distinction any more, but before IA and IB, and after IA, IB and IIIA, the distinction is still maintained (tone category recovery).
例如：红瓦(红色的瓦) ao11-33 uo 113 /= 红镬(炒菜时不放油) ao11-33 uo 113-24。
For example, 红瓦 (`red tile’) ao11-33 uo 113 /= 红镬 (`frying without oil’ , lit. `red pot’) ao11-33 uo 113-24.

2．三字组的语音变调
2. Trisylllabic phonological tone change
汤溪方言三字组语音变调的规律为：第一个音节，阴平[24]、阳平[11]、阴去［52〕一律变［33]，阳去［341]、阳上〔113]、阳入［113］一律变[11]，阴上【535]、阴入【55」一律变〔52，跟两字组前字的主流变调相同；第二、三两个音节，基本上跟两字组的连调模式相同。例如：
Tangxi dialect trisyllabic phonological tone change rules are: On the first syllable, IA [24], IB [11] and IIIA [52] all change to [33], IIIB [341], IIB and IVB [113] all change to [11], and IIA [535] and IVA [55] all change to [52], the same as mainstream initial syllable tone change in disyllabic sandhi. For example:

汤溪方言三字组共有8x8x8=512 种连调组合，第一个音节的三种变调与后面两字组的20种连调模式相配，实际上只有60种三字组连调模式，差不多相当于4个单字调的连调组合(4x4x4=64)。
Tangxi dialect trisyllabic sandhi has 8x8x8=512 types of sandhi groups, but when the three kinds of first syllable sandhi tones are matched with the 20 kinds of disyllabic sandhi patterns, there are actually just 60 types of trisyllabic sandhi patterns, approximately equivalent to the sandhi groups of 4 citation tones (4x4x4=64).
3．四字组的语音变调
3. Four-syllable phonological tone change
汤溪方言四字组语音变调的规律为：第一个音节跟三字组首字的变调规律完全相同，后三个
音节跟三字组的连调模式完全相同。例如：
Tangxi dialect rules for phonological tone change of four-syllable groups is: the first syllable is exactly the same as the first syllable in a trisyllabic group, and the other three syllables are exactly the same as the trisyllabic sandhi patterns. For example: